Precise, complex regulation of phytohormones, including salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), facilitates successful defense against these pathogens. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms for defense against necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens ( Zheng et al., 2012). SAR and ISR provide broad-spectrum, systemic, and non-specific resistance. In addition to these non-specific defense mechanisms, there are two other major types of induced resistance: systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced by pathogenic microorganisms, and induced systemic resistance (ISR) induced by rhizobacteria ( Pieterse et al., 2014). Biotic or abiotic stress elicits plants’ innate immunity and defense responses. Plants use different regulatory mechanisms such as physical and chemical barriers to protect themselves from pathogens, insect pests, and adverse abiotic stresses ( Fu and Dong, 2013). Pathogen infection has caused huge losses in agricultural production.
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